Archive for the ‘1 Thessalonians 1’ Tag

Above: Icon of the Last Judgment
Image in the Public Domain
Secret Disciples of Jesus
NOVEMBER 19, 2023
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According to the Inter-Lutheran Commission on Worship (ILCW) Lectionary (1973), as contained in the Lutheran Book of Worship (1978) and Lutheran Worship (1982)
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Jeremiah 26:1-6 (LBW, LW) or Jeremiah 25:30-32 (LW)
Psalm 105:1-7
1 Thessalonians 3:7-13 (LBW, LW) or 1 Thessalonians 1:3-10 (LW)
Matthew 24:1-14 (LBW, LW) or Mathew 25:31-46 (LW)
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Almighty and ever-living God,
before the earth was formed and even after it ceases to be,
you are God.
Break into our short span of life
and let us see the signs of your final will and purpose;
through your Son, Jesus Christ our Lord.
—Lutheran Book of Worship (1978), 30
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Almighty and ever-living God,
since you have given exceedingly great and precious promises
to those who believe,
grant us so perfectly and without all doubt
to believe in your Son Jesus Christ
that our faith in your sight may never be reproved;
through our Savior, Jesus Christ,
who lives and reigns with you and the Holy Spirit,
one God, now and forever. Amen.
–Lutheran Worship (1982), 92
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Divine judgment and mercy come mixed in the assigned readings. Contexts vary. They include the Day of the LORD, the Exodus, the latter years of the Kingdom of Judah, the destruction of Jerusalem in 70 C.E., and the Second Coming of Jesus. God is faithful and universal, we read. And many people who have a relationship with God may be unaware of that relationship. The flip side is that many people who think they have a relationship with God do not.
In the parable from Matthew 25, those astonished righteous learned that, by helping the vulnerable with whom Jesus identified, they had a relationship with Jesus. Those astonished righteous learned that they had performed good works for Jesus and had been faithful to him.
A parable, by definition, contains layers of meanings. Let us not ignore this layer of meaning, O reader. The parable in Matthew 25:31-46 speaks of service. The parable ought not to lead to Pietism–downplaying doctrine and falling into works-based righteousness. No, the parable should tell us something about divine judgment and mercy; we mere mortals do not understand them. Divine judgment and mercy exist in balance; we cannot grasp what that balance is.
Reread Matthew 25:31-46, O reader. Notice the astonishment of those who thought they were righteous and the astonishment of those who learned they were righteous. Then look around and ponder. The parable counsels against spiritual complacency. Love is active. Jesus has many disciples, a host of whom do not know they are his disciples, based on the parable’s standard. Celebrate grace and Christian service, O reader. Live grace-fully.
KENNETH RANDOLPH TAYLOR
AUGUST 24, 2022 COMMON ERA
THE FEAST OF SAINT BARTHOLOMEW THE APOSTLE, MARTYR
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Link to the corresponding post at BLOGA THEOLOGICA
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Above: Woodland Stream, by Alexander Demetrius Goltz
Image in the Public Domain
Holiness
NOVEMBER 5, 2023
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According to the Inter-Lutheran Commission on Worship (ILCW) Lectionary (1973), as contained in the Lutheran Book of Worship (1978) and Lutheran Worship (1982)
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Leviticus 19:1-2, 15-18
Psalm 1
1 Thessalonians 1:5b-10
Matthew 22:34-40 (41-46)
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Almighty and everlasting God,
increase in us the gifts of faith, hope, and charity;
and, that we may obtain what your promise,
make us love what you command;
through your Son, Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen.
—Lutheran Book of Worship (1978), 29
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Almighty God, we pray,
show your humble servants your mercy,
that we, who put no trust in our own merits,
may be dealt with not according to the severity of your judgment
but according to your mercy;
through Jesus Christ, your Son, our Lord,
who lives and reigns with you and the Holy Spirit,
one God, now and forever. Amen.
—Lutheran Worship (1982), 87
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Holiness, in the Bible, pertains to separation from the profane/common (Leviticus 10:10; 1 Samuel 21:5-6; Ezekiel 22:26; 44:23; etc.). Holiness is about complete devotion to God. Holiness, however, is not about legalism, self-righteousness, and serial contrariness. No, holiness is more about what it favors than what it opposes.
Holiness–in its proper sense–manifests itself in life:
- The Holiness code, as in Leviticus 19:1-37, includes honoring parents; keeping the sabbath; refraining from idolatry; offering a sacrifice of well-being properly; feeding the poor; dealing honestly with people; defrauding no one and stealing from nobody; not insulting the deaf; not placing a stumbling block before the blind; rendering impartial justice; loving one’s kinsman as oneself; not mixing different types of cattle, seeds, and cloth; refraining from sexual relations with a slave woman meant for another man; reserving the fruit of the food tree for God for the first three years; eating nothing with blood; avoiding divination and soothsaying; avoiding extreme expressions of grief and mourning; not forcing one’s daughter into harlotry; and eschewing necromancy. Most of the items on this list are absent from the assigned portion of Leviticus 19. Cultural contexts define them.
- “The man” (literal from the Hebrew text) is a student of the Torah. He finds his stability in God, in contrast to the unstable scoffers. When the scoffers find stability, they do not find it in God.
- Holiness is contagious in 1 Thessalonians 1:5-10.
- Jesus knew the influence of Rabbi Hillel (Matthew 22:34-40). Holiness manifests in how we treat each other.
In a dog-eat-dog world, more spiritually toxic since the advent of social media and internet comments sections one does well not to read, loving God fully and loving one’s neighbor as one loves oneself (assuming that one loves oneself, of course) does separate one from the profane/common. Holiness is love, not legalism. Many particulars of holiness vary according to context, but the timeless principles remain constant.
KENNETH RANDOLPH TAYLOR
AUGUST 22, 2022 COMMON ERA
THE FEAST OF JACK LAYTON, CANADIAN ACTIVIST AND FEDERAL LEADER OF THE NEW DEMOCRATIC PARTY
THE FEAST OF JOHN DAVID CHAMBERS, ANGLICAN HYMN WRITER AND TRANSLATOR
THE FEAST OF SAINTS HRYBORII KHOMYSHYN, SYMEON LUKACH, AND IVAN SLEZYUK, UKRAINIAN GREEK CATHOLIC BISHOPS AND MARTYRS, 1947, 1964, AND 1973
THE FEAST OF SAINTS JOHN KEMBLE AND JOHN WALL, ENGLISH ROMAN CATHOLIC PRIEST AND MARTYRS, 1679
THE FEAST OF SAINTS THOMAS PERCY, RICHARD KIRKMAN, AND WILLIAM LACEY, ENGLISH ROMAN CATHOLIC MARTYRS, 1572 AND 1582
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Link to the corresponding post at BLOGA THEOLOGICA
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Above: Statue of Tiberius
Image in the Public Domain
The Sovereignty of God
OCTOBER 29, 2023
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According to the Inter-Lutheran Commission on Worship (ILCW) Lectionary (1973), as contained in the Lutheran Book of Worship (1978) and Lutheran Worship (1982)
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Isaiah 45:1-7
Psalm 96
1 Thessalonians 1:1-5a
Matthew 22:15-21
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Almighty and everlasting God,
in Christ you revealed your glory among the nations.
Preserve the works of your mercy,
that your Church throughout the world may persevere
with steadfast faith in the confession of your name;
through your Son, Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen.
—Lutheran Book of Worship (1978), 28
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Lord, we pray that your grace may always precede and follow us
that we may continually be given to good works;
through Jesus Christ, your Son, our Lord,
who lives and reigns with you and the Holy Spirit,
one God, now and forever. Amen.
—Lutheran Worship (1982), 86
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The Roman census tax of one denarius (a day’s wage for a laborer) per year reminded the people of their subjugation. The denarius in the story from Matthew 22 bore the image of the emperor Tiberius, as well as the Latin inscription that translates as
Tiberius Caesar, Divine Son of Augustus.
The coin was a graven image, according to the Law of Moses. When Jesus requested to see the coin and one of the Herodians produced it, Christ reversed the trap meant for him. Jesus taught that God outranked Tiberius and deserved full allegiance. It was a skillful answer that got him in trouble with nobody among the Romans, whose soldiers were watching the religious pilgrims filling Jerusalem ahead of Passover, the annual celebration of the Exodus from slavery in Egypt. And those Jewish religious leaders could not dispute that God deserved complete allegiance.
Most Jews of the time assumed that, regardless of the name of the Roman emperor at any given moment, Satan was the power behind the throne. Jesus taught that Tiberius, despite himself, had to answer to and worked for God. That would have been news to Tiberius.
The assigned readings from the Hebrew Bible affirm the sovereignty of God, evident in nature, as well as in potentates, the moral characters of whom varied. The Bible favors Cyrus II of the Persians and the Medes, who ended the Babylonian Exile. In fact, most Persian kings named in the Bible–except in that work of fiction called the Book of Esther–receive good press.
God is sovereign, despite all appearances to the contrary. Some rulers and other people are consciously agents of God. Others are agents of God despite themselves. The sovereignty of God is sufficient reason to persevere in hope. Writing the previous sentence is easier than fulfilling it. I write during extraordinarily dark times. Therefore, when I write about persevering in hope, I address myself first then everyone else second.
KENNETH RANDOLPH TAYLOR
AUGUST 20, 2021 COMMON ERA
THE FEAST OF SAINT ZACCHAEUS, PENITENT TAX COLLECTOR AND ROMAN COLLABORATOR
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Link to the corresponding post at BLOGA THEOLOGICA
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Above: Christ Pantocrator
Image in the Public Domain
There Is No Other
The Sunday Closest to October 19
The Twenty-First Sunday After Pentecost
OCTOBER 22, 2023
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FIRST READING AND PSALM: OPTION #1
Exodus 33:12-23 (New Revised Standard Version):
Moses said to the LORD,
See, you have said to me,”Bring up this people’; but you have not let me know whom you will send with me. Yet you have said, ‘I know you by name, and you have also found favor in my sight.’ Now if I have found favor in your sight, show me your ways, so that I may know you and find favor in your sight. Consider too that this nation is your people.”
He said,
My presence will go with you, and I will give you rest.
And he said to him,
If your presence will not go, do not carry us up from here. For how shall it be known that I have found favor in your sight, I and your people, unless you go with us? In this way, we shall be distinct, I and your people, from every people on the face of the earth.
The LORD said to Moses,
I will do the very thing that you have asked; for you have found favor in my sight, and I know you by name.
Moses said,
Show me your glory, I pray.
And he said,
I will make all my goodness pass before you, and will proclaim before you the name, ‘The LORD’; and I will be gracious to whom I will be gracious, and will show mercy on whom I will show mercy. But,
he said,
you cannot see my face; for no one shall see me and live.
And the LORD continued,
See, there is a place by me where you shall stand on the rock; and while my glory passes by I will put you in a cleft of the rock, and I will cover you with my hand until I have passed by; then I will take away my hand, and you shall see my back; but my face shall not be seen.
Psalm 99 (1979 Book of Common Prayer):
1 The LORD is King;
let the people tremble;
he is enthroned upon the cherubim;
let the earth shake.
2 The LORD is great in Zion;
he is high above all peoples.
3 Let them confess his Name, which is great and awesome;
he is the Holy One.
4 “O mighty King, lover of justice,
you have established equity;
you have executed justice and righteousness in Jacob.”
5 Proclaim the greatness of the LORD our God
and fall down before his footstool;
he is the Holy One.
6 Moses and Aaron among his priests,
and Samuel among those who call upon his Name,
they called upon the LORD, and he answered them.
7 He spoke to them out of the pillar of cloud;
they kept his testimonies and the decree that he gave them.
8 “O LORD our God, you answered them indeed;
you were a God who forgave them,
yet punished them for their evil deeds.”
9 Proclaim the greatness of the LORD our God
and worship him upon his holy hill;
for the LORD our God is the Holy One.
FIRST READING AND PSALM: OPTION #2
Isaiah 45:1-7 (New Revised Standard Version):
Thus says the LORD to his anointed, to Cyrus,
whose right hand I have grasped
to subdue nations before him
and strip kings of their robes,
to open doors before him–
and the gates shall not be closed:
I will go before you
and level the mountains,
I will break in pieces the doors of bronze
and cut through the bars of iron,
I will give you the treasures of darkness
and riches hidden in secret places,
so that you may know that it is I, the LORD,
the God of Israel, who call you by name.
For the sake of my servant Jacob,
and Israel my chosen,
I call you by your name,
I surname you, though you do not know me.
I am the LORD, and there is no other;
besides me there is no god.
I arm you, though you do not know me,
so that they may know, from the rising of the sun
and from the west, that there is no one besides me;
I am the LORD, and there is no other.
I form light and create darkness,
I make weal and create woe;
I the LORD do all these things.
Psalm 96:1-13 (1979 Book of Common Prayer):
1 Sing to the LORD a new song;
sing to the LORD, all the whole earth.
2 Sing to the LORD and bless his Name;
proclaim the good news of his salvation from day to day.
3 Declare his glory among the nations
and his wonders among all peoples.
4 For great is the LORD and greatly to be praised;
he is more to be feared than all gods.
5 As for the gods of the nations, they are but idols;
but it is the LORD who made the heavens.
6 Oh, the majesty and magnificence of his presence!
Oh, the power and the splendor of his sanctuary!
7 Ascribe to the LORD, you families of the peoples;
ascribe to the LORD honor and power.
8 Ascribe to the LORD the honor due his Name;
bring offerings and come into his courts.
9 Worship the LORD in the beauty of holiness;
let the whole earth tremble before him.
10 Tell it out among the nations: ”The LORD is King!
he has made the world so firm that it cannot be moved;
he will judge the peoples with equity.”
11 Let the heavens rejoice, and let the earth be glad;
let the sea thunder and all that is in it;
let the field be joyful and all that is therein.
12 Then shall all the trees of the wood shout for joy
before the LORD when he comes,
when he comes to judge the earth.
13 He will judge the world with righteousness
and the peoples with his truth.
SECOND READING
1 Thessalonians 1:1-10 (New Revised Standard Version):
Paul, Silvanus, and Timothy, To the church of the Thessalonians in God the Father and the Lord Jesus Christ:
Grace to you and peace.
We always give thanks to God for all of you and mention you in our prayers, constantly remembering before our God and Father your work of faith and labor of love and steadfastness of hope in our Lord Jesus Christ. For we know, brothers and sisters beloved by God, that he has chosen you, because our message of the gospel came to you not in word only, but also in power and in the Holy Spirit and with full conviction; just as you know what kind of persons we proved to be among you for your sake. And you became imitators of us and of the Lord, for in spite of persecution you received the word with joy inspired by the Holy Spirit, so that you became an example to all the believers in Macedonia and in Achaia. For the word of the Lord has sounded forth from you not only in Macedonia and Achaia, but in every place your faith in God has become known, so that we have no need to speak about it. For the people of those regions report about us what kind of welcome we had among you, and how you turned to God from idols, to serve a living and true God, and to wait for his Son from heaven, whom he raised from the dead– Jesus, who rescues us from the wrath that is coming.
GOSPEL READING
Matthew 22:15-22 (New Revised Standard Version):
The Pharisees went and plotted to entrap Jesus in what he said. So they sent their disciples to him, along with the Herodians, saying,
Teacher, we know that you are sincere, and teach the way of God in accordance with truth, and show deference to no one; for you do not regard people with partiality. Tell us, then, what you think. Is it lawful to pay taxes to the emperor, or not?
But Jesus, aware of their malice, said,
Why are you putting me to the test, you hypocrites? Show me the coin used for the tax.
And they brought him a denarius. Then he said to them,
Whose head is this, and whose title?
They answered,
The emperor’s.
Then he said to them,
Give therefore to the emperor the things that are the emperor’s, and to God the things that are God’s.
When they heard this, they were amazed; and they left him and went away.
The Collect:
Almighty and everlasting God, in Christ you have revealed your glory among the nations: Preserve the works of your mercy, that your Church throughout the world may persevere with steadfast faith in the confession of your Name; through Jesus Christ our Lord, who lives and reigns with you and the Holy Spirit, one God, for ever and ever. Amen.
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If I were to compile a list of historical hints and send them back through time, one of them would be not to try to trap Jesus in a question. The man knew how to evade the snare, and those who asked such questions came across looking like what they were.
As YHWH/Adonai says via Deutero-Isaiah in Isaiah 45, there is no other God, regardless of what others, including some instruments of God, might think. Cyrus II of Persia was a Zoroastrian, for example. He worshiped a pantheon, but he was a tool of YHWH/Adonai in ending the Babylonian Exile. Cyrus was a generally benevolent overlord.
Tiberius, Emperor of Rome, was not. The Roman Empire imposed a poll tax on Jews.
This was not a major source of imperial revenue, but it did remind the Jews living under occupation in their homeland who was in charge, at least in the temporal realm. This poll tax was payable in a coin bearing the image of the emperor and a written reminder of the official line, which was he was the “Divine Caesar.” Such a coin was a purposeful affront to Jewish sensibilities. The tax was in the amount a denarius, or one day’s wage, and men aged 14-65 years and women aged 12-65 had to pay it. This was a despised tax, and the Romans were rubbing the Jews’ noses in it.
This was a dicey political situation for Jesus. If he said, “No, this is unjust taxation,” he would be in trouble with the Romans. And many soldiers were in town during the days leading up to the Passover, the annual commemoration of God’s deliverance of the Jews from slavery in Egypt. Some of them could arrest Jesus at a moment’s notice. But if he said,
Yes, Tiberius is our emperor, and he deserves our respect too,
Jesus would lose much public support. Our Lord and Savior, being perceptive and intelligent, delivered a faultless answer: The coin belongs to Tiberius; pay it. But give to God what is due to God. And what is due to God? We owe God the pattern of our daily living.
There is only one God, and Jesus of Nazareth was the incarnate form of that deity in human history. Tiberius died and was buried. He stayed dead. But Jesus died, was buried, and rose again. He has conquered death; may we follow him in life.
KRT
http://blogatheologica.wordpress.com/2012/05/08/there-is-no-other/

Above: Ancient Ruins and Modern Buildings in Saloniki, Greece
(Courtesy of http://www.saloniki.org/)
Influences, Positive and Negative
AUGUST 28, 2023
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Holy Women, Holy Men: Celebrating the Saints (2010), of The Episcopal Church, contains an adapted two-years weekday lectionary for the Epiphany and Ordinary Time seasons from the Anglican Church of Canada. I invite you to follow it with me.
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With this post I change translations again. This is a helpful practice, for it refreshes one’s view of the Scriptures. My studies of French have revealed to me the accuracy of the statement that any text loses something in translation from Language A into Language B. So, as I read and study the Bible in English, I seek out various translations. What one version misses, hopefully another retains. And this practice helps me to read and hear the texts as if for the first time, for the familiar cadences of the Authorized (King James) Version, with which I grew up, can become obstacles to paying attention to the content. This principle holds true, regardless of which translation to which one’s brain is attuned.
So, for the next unknown number of weeks, may we read and hear the words of Scripture according to the great Jerusalem Bible, from 1966.
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1 Thessalonians 1:1-10 (The Jerusalem Bible):
From Paul, Silvanus, and Timothy, to the Church in Thessalonika which is in God the Father and the Lord Jesus Christ; wishing you grace and peace.
We always mention you in our prayers and thank God for you all, and constantly remember before God our Father how you have shown your faith in action, worked for love and persevered through hope, in our Lord Jesus Christ.
We know, brothers, that God loves you and that you have been chosen, because when we brought the Good News to you, it became to you not only as words, but as power and as the Holy Spirit and as utter conviction. And you observed the sort of life we lived when we were with you, which was for your instruction, and you were led to become imitators of us, and of the Lord; and it was with the joy of the Holy Spirit that you took to the gospel, in spite of the great oppression all round you. This has made you the great example to all believers in Macedonia and Achaia since it was from you that the word of the Lord started to spread–and not only throughout Macedonia and Achaia, for the news of your faith in God has spread everywhere. We do not need to tell other people about it; other people tell us how we started to work among you, how you broke with idolatry when you converted to God and became servants of the real, living God; and how you are now waiting for Jesus, his Son, whom he raised from the dead, to come down from heaven to save us from the retribution which is coming.
Psalm 149:1-5 (1979 Book of Common Prayer):
1 Hallelujah!
Sing to the LORD a new song;
sing his praise in the congregation of the faithful.
2 Let Israel rejoice in his Maker;
let the children of Zion be joyful in their King.
3 Let them praise his Name in the dance;
let them sing praise to him with timbrel and harp.
4 For the LORD takes pleasure in his people
and adorns the poor with victory.
5 Let the faithful rejoice in triumph;
let them be joyful on their beds.
Matthew 23:13-22 (The Jerusalem Bible):
[Jesus continued,]
Alas for you, scribes and Pharisees, you hypocrites! You who shut up the kingdom of heaven in men’s faces, neither going in yourselves nor allowing others to go in who want to.
Alas for you, scribes and Pharisees, you hypocrites! You who travel over sea and land to make a single proselyte, and when you have him you make him twice as fit for hell as you are.
Alas for you, blind guides! You who say, ‘If a man swears by the Temple, it has no force; but if a man swears by the gold of the Temple, he is bound.’ Fools and blind! For which is of greater worth, the gold or the Temple that makes the gold sacred? Or else, ‘If a man swears by the altar it has no force; but if a man swears by the offering that is on the altar, he is bound.’ You blind men! For which is of greater worth, the offering or the altar that makes the offering sacred? Therefore, when a man swears by the Temple he is swearing by that and the One who dwells in it. And when a man swears by heaven he is swearing by the throne of God and by the One who is seated there.
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The Collect:
Grant, O merciful God, that your Church, being gathered together in unity by your Holy Spirit, may show forth your power among all peoples, to the glory of your Name; through Jesus Christ our Lord, who lives and reigns with you and the Holy Spirit, one God, for ever and ever. Amen.
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Acts 17:1-10 tells of the Apostle Paul’s short (three weeks or so) stay in Thessalonica (modern-day Salonika), a prosperous crossroads and center of commerce in Greece. He met with much hostility from certain Jews, but apparently made a strong and favorable impression on other people, as 1 Thessalonians 1:1-10 testifies. This epistle dates to approximately 50 C.E., a fact which places it roughly equidistant in chronology between the crucifixion (one of Paul’s great themes) and the writing of the Gospel of Mark, the earliest of the canonical Gospels. So, when we read 1 Thessalonians, we read one of the oldest documents of the Christian faith.
Paul needed to plant Christianity in Thessalonica because of the three most important factors in real estate: location, location, and location. The road that connected Rome to the East was the main thoroughfare in Thessalonica. So planting a church there helped to spread the Good News of Jesus to many other places.
Paul was in very good spirits in Chapter 1. His mood darkened as the epistle continued, however. But let us not get ahead of ourselves. The Canadian Anglican lectionary I am following covers almost every word of 1 Thessalonians, so I will get to the rest very shortly. For now let us focus on the text for today; Paul opens with praise for the renowned faithfulness of the Thessalonian congregation. He had drawn them to Christ by a lived example, and they were doing likewise for others. Paul had been a positive influence.
Jesus, in contrast, was angry in Matthew 23. As much as I have strong disagreements with the Jesus Seminar, I must admit that their Annotated Scholars Version of the Gospels is the most direct rendering of that text for today.
Alas to you
in The Jerusalem Bible becomes
Damn you!
(So much for the Sweet Jesus of many juvenile Sunday School classes!) But it is clear that Jesus was not being sweet in Matthew 23. Rather, he was being justifiably critical of professional religious people who imposed needless religious burdens on well-meaning individuals. These religious elites were, as we say in North America, too clever by half. They favored ridiculously complicated rules about when swearing an oath was valid. Jesus cut through these traditions like a knife through soft butter; all religious oaths involved God.
So stop playing games
is my paraphrase of Jesus here.
This seems like a good time to quote Matthew 5:33-37 (The Jerusalem Bible). This is part of the Sermon on the Mount:
Again, you have learnt how it was said to our ancestors: You must not break your oath, but must fulfil your oaths to the Lord. But I say this to you: do not swear at all, either by heaven, since that is God’s throne; or by the earth, since that is his footstool; or by Jerusalem, since that is the city of the great king. Do not swear by your own head either, since you cannot turn a single hair white or black. All you need say is ‘Yes’ if you mean yes, ‘No’ if you mean no; anything more than this comes from the evil one.
My cumulative lesson is this: Lived faithfulness will result from proper attitudes. How can it not? Anyhow, we are all examples. But what kind are you? What kind of example am I? We are examples of that which animates us. May this animating force be God Incarnate, Jesus of Nazareth. And may his concern for others (in all aspects) be ours as well. May we follow him. And as we do this, may we remember these words, from Matthew 6:1:
Be careful not to parade your good deeds before men to attract their notice; by doing this you will lose all reward from your Father in heaven.
Jesus was not always sweet, but he was inspiring and wise. He still is.
KRT
http://blogatheologica.wordpress.com/2012/05/04/influences-positive-and-negative/
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